This is my great grandfather Albert Mougne as photographed by my grandpa Charles Mougne no doubt using his beloved Leica camera for which he had saved every spare penny to buy.
Albert was from the small French village, Saint Laurent l'Abbaye in Bourgogne region east of the Loire not too far from Sancerre. Fond of his local grapes he took a cutting back to London and grew this vine outside of his flat in Cleveland Street. This building was demolished many years ago.
I am writing this to offer readers a background as to how the Zionist organisation was able to go about creating a Jewish state ( Israel) in Palestine when Jews owned just 6% of the land and comprised only 32% of the population – remembering that the vast majority of those 32% had been in Palestine for less than five years.
The fact that they were able to set up a Jewish State on such a flimsy premise is, I believe, the basis for the appalling state of affairs that exists today including the abject misery that most of the Palestinian people endure on a daily basis. A New Zealand psychiatrist, Dr. John Gleisner, who recently spent time as a volunteer in a West BankMental Hospital believes 95% of Palestinians suffer from extreme trauma but have to keep going as there is no other choice.[i]
The State of Israel ……. will foster the development of the country for the benefit of all its inhabitants; it will be based on freedom, justice and peace as envisaged by the prophets of Israel; it will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee freedom of religion, conscience, language, education and culture … The declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, 1948 Shela Neelama
How the Zionists dealt with the indigenous non-Jewish people begins with a long campaign of ‘spin’ to establish the historical/religious ‘right’ of Jews to the land combined with what Edward Said calls the ‘negation’ of the Palestinians. In order to succeed, the Zionists had to instil in the minds of the whole world and its leaders two things. The first was that Jews had a ‘God-given right’ to return to Palestine. The second was that ‘Arabs’ were not really permanent dwellers in Palestine but part of some greater Arab world with, therefore, plenty of choice about where they could live.
Every culture has its creation myths and the creation myths of the Jews are the stories in their book – the bible. David Ben-Gurion, in a clever, even brilliant, performance of Diplomacy, raised the Religious/myth/history question when he addressed The Palestine Royal Commission in 1937 stating ‘Our right in Palestine is not derived from the Mandate and the Balfour Declaration. It is prior to that. The bible is our mandate, the bible which is written by us, in our own language, in Hebrew, in this very country. This is our mandate.’
Ilan Pappe says ‘National historiographical writing, on both sides has assumed that a history of the land is synonymous with its history of nationalism. Nationalism as a concept, is seen as encompassing the lives of everyone in a given land; in reality, it is a story of the few not the many, of men not women, of the wealthy not the poor.’[ii] ‘Nations like narratives lose their origins in the myths of time and only fully realise their horizons in the mind’s eye.’
Shlomo Sand in his book The Invention of the Jewish People[iii], argues that there was no ‘nation’ of Jews in 526BCE or 70CE. Jews were not exiled from Palestine as either a ‘nation’ or as a ’people’. Jews left either as slaves or refugees and but some stayed and some returned. This claim of a right of return to Palestine as a ‘nation’ or a ‘people’ is a claim born out of sense of vulnerability coming from the anti-semitism of the Dreyfus case but not out of law.
When the idea of Zionism was first promulgated, many Orthodox Rabbis forbade their followers to have anything to do with the Zionist activists. They viewed Zionism as meddling with God’s will that the Jews should remain in exile until the coming of the Messiah.’[iv] In a 1973 survey 57% of Jewish people felt Jews had a right to be in Palestine/Israel because of the religious connection - whereas in the late 19th century the numbers supporting the Zionists had been less than 10% of world Jewry.
Given that 90% of the indigenous population in Palestine at the time of Theodor Herzl’s first meeting in 1897 was non-Jewish a question arises. How, in fifty years, did the Zionists manage to get the official backing of the world’s most powerful countries not only to subdue but to evict most of the indigenous population?
Theodor Herzl: (June 1895 diary entry)
‘We shall try to spirit the penniless population across the border by procuring employment for it in the transit countries whilst denying it any employment in our own country. The property owners will come over to our side. Both the process of expropriation and the removal of the poor must be carried out discreetly and circumspectly. Let the owners of immovable property believe they are cheating us, selling us things for more than they are worth. But we are not going to sell them anything back.’
This is a marked contrast to his comments in 1896 when he proposed in an article ‘A solution to the Jewish Question’ published in the Jewish Chronicle. ‘Everything must be carried out with due consideration for acquired rights and with absolute conformity to the law, without compulsion, openly and by light of day, under the supervision of authority and the control of public opinion.’[v]
In Chaim Simons’s book International Proposals to Transfer Arabs from Palestine 1895-1947[vi] ‘ he says ‘Theodor Herzl, David Ben-Gurion and Chaim Weizmann, (along with many other Zionists) all outstanding Zionist leaders, share a common feature with such diverse personalities as U.S. Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover and British anti-Zionist, Harry St John Philby. All these statesmen – and numerous others- have advanced proposals for the transfer of the Arabs from Palestine.’[vii]
Ben-Gurion (practical Zionist and ‘father’ of Israel) first Prime Minister of Israel said in December 1937 ‘By agreement with the Syrian Government it would be possible to transfer large numbers of tenant farmers and Bedouin to Northern Syria. The land there is cheap and plentiful. If the farmers were to be transferred from the Galilean Hills, the Jewish farmers would be able to establish orchards and grow tobacco there.’[viii]
Ben-Gurion does not specify whether the Bedouin or the farmers would have to give their consent or not. Compare this with his evidence to the Palestine Royal Commission in the same year where he said
‘If Palestine is our country, it is not to the exclusion of other inhabitants; it is also their country, the country of those who are born here and have no other homeland and we can come in without any limit except the limit not to displace existing inhabitants.’[ix]
Chaim Weizmann (political Zionist and first President of Israel) in discussion about Palestine boundaries at a Zionist meeting at New Court in London in September 1941 pointed out ‘The question of boundaries also raised the question of transfer of population. Such a transfer might, of course be entirely voluntary. If, for instance they could transfer those Arab tenants who owned no land of their own (he believed there to be about 120,000 of them) they would be able to settle in their stead, about a million Jews.’[x]
(At this very time only a few hundred miles away European Jews were being transferred from their homes to death camps by German National Socialists.)
The records of the 1937 Palestine Commission [xi] say Weizmann was ‘enthusiastic’ about transfers and that he ‘considered the (Peel) Commission’s recommendation on transfer (compulsory if necessary) to be vitally important. Indeed, Weizmann proposed still more extreme measures than those advocated by the Commission; according to the British colonial secretary, he said that the Jews “will help in getting Arabs out of Galilee into Trans-Jordan.”
(I will show next week how the Zionists ‘helped’ the Palestinians into Jordan.)
Weizmann ignored the advice of the head of British Jewry who warned that this approach to the indigenous population would bring war for 150 years. In his book International Proposals to Transfer Arabs from Palestine 1895-1947 Chaim Simons tells how that many Zionists offered plans and also International non-Jews such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, 32nd President of the U.S. in conjunction with Louis D Brandeis, an American Zionist leader who was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, discussed plans for Palestinian Arab transfer [xii] ;Herbert Hoover (31st President of USA continued to work in public service after Presidency.) He worked with Revisionist Zionist, Eliahu Ben-Horin and in 1945 [xiii] suggested a scheme to transfer the entire Arab population to the ‘soon to be’ irrigated southern Provinces of Iraq. The Iraqis in this area were (are) Shiite, and the majority of Palestinian Arabs were (are) Sunni.
The Hoover plan went round and round and finally disappeared into the archives.
The Zionist movement issued a statement which said ‘The Zionist Movement had never advocated the transfer of Palestinians Arab population, but had always maintained that Palestine had room enough for its present population Jew and Arab and for several million more of Jewish settlers.’
The statement went on to say that the Arabs had benefited from the Jews’ arrival and if the Arabs could be persuaded to move to Iraq they would be happy to co-operate with the Great powers and the Arabs in bringing this plan into fruition.[xiv]
Stephen O’Rourke
Bibliography:
Bethmann, Erich W., Decisive Years in Palestine, 1918-1948, American Friends of the Middle East, New York1957
Davies, Norman, A History of Europe, Pimlico, London, 1997
Elston, D.R., No Alternative-Israel Observed, Hutchinson, London, 1960
Kimmerling, Baruch, Zionism and Territory, University of California, Berkeley, 1983
Mendes-Flohr, Paul & Reinharz, Jehuda (compilers and Editors), The Jew in the Modern World – A Documentary History. (2nd ed.), OxfordUniversity Press, New York, 1995
Pappe, Ilan, History of Modern Palestine, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge, 2004
Parkinson, C.Northcote, East and West, John Murray, London, 1963
Rabinowicz, Oskar, K., Fifty Years of Zionism, Robert Anscombe& Co, London, 1950
Said, Edward W The Question of Palestine, Vintage Books, New York, 1980; Said, Edward W Orientalism-Western concepts of the Orient, Penguin Books London.1978
Shlomo Sands, The Invention of the Jewish People, (Translated Yael Lotan) Verso, London, 2008
Segev, T., One Palestine, Complete – Jews and Arabs under the Mandate, (translated from Hebrew by Hain Watzman), Metropolitan Books, London, 1999
Shafir, Gershon, Land, Labor and The Origins of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1996
Shapira, Anita, Land and Power- The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881-1948, StanfordUniversity Press, Stanford C.A., 1992
Simons, Chaim, International Proposals to Transfer Arabs from Palestine 1895-1947,
[v] Mendes-Flohr, Paul & Reinharz, Jehuda (compilers and Editors), The Jew in the Modern World – A Documentary History. (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, New York, 1995 pp535
[vi] Simons, Chaim, International Proposals to Transfer Arabs from Palestine 1895-1947, Ktav, Hoboken, New Jersey, 1988
[viii] Simons, Chaim, International Proposals to Transfer Arabs from Palestine 1895-1947 pp 12
[ix] Mendes-Flohr, Paul & Reinharz, Jehuda (compilers and Editors), The Jew in the Modern World – A Documentary History. (2nd ed.), OxfordUniversity Press, New York, 1995 pp 605
[x] Simons, Chaim, International Proposals to Transfer Arabs from Palestine 1895-1947 pp 27
Yesterday, this large lorry with its load of concrete blocks parked in front of the field in front of our house. Our imagination went into over-drive as we imagined a small suburb or a medium-sized mansion obscuring the view of our sunset. To our relief, the lorry drove off and our peace of mind was restored. (ed)
captions:1) Picasso goat, with rubbed nose – MOMA, NY 2) Post rainstorm – Spring Street, NY 3)Large lobster – US Highway1, Florida Keys 4)Parking lot – Florida Keys 5) what is wrong with the US economy
NEW YORK, NEW YORK SO GOOD THEY NAMED IT TWICE
It is nearly 50 unbelievable years that I took my first bite at the Big Apple. Together with my near-teenage bride we arrived at Pier 45 on the old Queen Mary. I was a mere boy in charge of the Cunard advertising account and this was to be the first of many freebies that came our way - it never ceased to amaze me how Clients always wanted the best for their spokespeople, so First Class nonsense it was as well. I will never forget the moment we stepped ashore and flagged a yellow cab which hurtled us up Columbus Avenue past a statue of the great discoverer at the intersection of 55th St and Central Park.
“Who is that?'' I enquired in my boyish and naive manner.
“Dat” said the cabbie (they were all grizzly, bored and worn New Yorkers then) “is a monument to the guy who got us into all this shit.”
No longer is it like this. All the good old New York hacks have become Russian or Pakistanis (sure they are all still studying to be something else, and most surely the bumps and potholes on 7th Avenue remain) but gone are the armour-plated and bullet- proof divisions that separate the passengers from their host - instead a small grubby TV set is buried deep in a shoddy plastic seat cover and the old cynicism is replaced by tales of 'how great is Amereeka'.
On those days, so long ago ,we were up-town kids, slumming it in the St Regis, downing the dryest of dry Martini's (then a new discovery) in the King Cole Bar with its marvelous Maxwell Parish mural and lunching at 21. No more. Now we are happy to be paying our own way, downtown well below Houston in SoHo and by no means alone, as the cool ad agencies have moved down here off Madison a while ago now and all of the smart and ultra-hip stores have long taken up spaces previously occupied by meat packers and dress wholesalers. And we have eaten some of the best food that we have eaten for a very long time.
Balthazar is (sadly) a better brasserie than we have found in Paris in recent years. Peasant makes better thin-crust pizza than anywhere in Naples (and we searched long and hard) and tonight we anticipate great things at Babo where there is a three-month waiting list (unless you are fortunate to have a son-in-law who has a PA who can fix such things). It’s sad but true. The axis of great eating has moved West. We have watched kitchens of the smallest places staffed with crews of the hardest working staff , buzzing in numbers that would never (ever) be affordable again in the situation of non-commercial bureaucratic lunacy that prevails in France today. What is more, for a few dollars, the greatest sandwich and a fair glass of red can be had at any hour on any day. How we wish that could be so in France, where today, to hire somebody is still to double your own tax bill with immediate effect, post-Sarkozy and all. (sadly I haven’t needed to hire any staff in France but it is still possible to eat out handsomely in France …ed )
Speaking of politicians a new wave of hope is abroad for Barrack Obama. The general view of right-thinking (small R) folk is that the passing of the Health-for-all bill was a personal triumph of FDR proportion. Let’s hope it continues. BA permitting back in London by Friday.
Mary's away, so it's my pleasure – Senior Producer Peter Reed, to bring you our Easter newsletter. Earlier this week, we broadcast Arthur Ransome's Swallows and Amazons. And if you missed it - there's still time to catch in on the BBC iPlayer. We were interested to hear some feedback from listener Magnus Smith. He tells us:
" A group of Arthur Ransome fans are trying to purchase the Swallow dinghy used in the 1974 film of Swallows and Amazons and want to get her sailing again, and share her out so all fans can get aboard and enjoy her in the spirit of the books ".
So keep your fingers crossed for the all the fans, when the auction is held later this month.
Of course, thanks to the wonder of sound effects - there were no actual dinghies in the radio version, but this did set me thinking about real items associated with radio productions.
Roy Hudd is back on Wednesday in Like They've Never Been Gone. Roy once shared his memories on Radio 7 of his many recording sessions in the famous BBC Paris Theatre in London. Once it closed down, he was presented with a roll of carpet as a souvenir! Strange to realise that the venue that once hosted Kenneth Williams and Willie Rushton is now a gym.
You can enjoy another recovered Steptoe and Son episode on Monday - it’s fascinating to think that Wilfrid Brambell and Harry H Corbett both used to don their rag and bone men TV costumes when performing their scripts for the benefit of the studio audiences - even though the people listening at home would never know… Jimmy Clitheroe famously donned his school uniform when recording too - and you can catch the cheeky schoolboy in The Clitheroe Kid this Sunday.
Nicholas Parsons is our Comedy Controller this week but of course he never blows the famous prop associated with Just A Minute - the whistle! This duty always falls to his timer assistant.
My Radio 7 producer colleague Sarah once had the honour of being the programme's whistle blower and (quaking at the memory of the responsibility) she assures me it's horrendously hard to blow!
For Jews Zion, or Eretz Israel (the land of Israel) was a central part of Judaism. Jews had been connected over the centuries, through the rituals and customs, directly to that country. But during the course of time the concept of Zion had become increasingly ‘metaphysical and abstract’. Its boundaries were unclear and undefined except for its center, Jerusalem.[i]
(Genesis tells of god repeatedly telling Abraham that ‘this’ land was for him and his seed. Obviously no proof, or deed - just the word of Abraham who was often hearing voices.)
Baruch Kimmerling, in his book Zionism and Territory says that the Zionists used this abstract concept of Zion as the unifying and mobilizing agent of Zionism. Only Eretz Israel could pull together enough people to make up the ‘collective, political, social, and economical activity, either as actual participants in immigration or as moral and/or material supporters of the movement.’[ii]
The Zionists’ colony in Palestine was not for material gain based on its economic potential and, unlike other European colonisers, the Zionists had no desire to establish the indigenous population as an underclass to a Jewish over-class. The Zionist wanted to get rid of the indigenous population of Palestine as soon as possible (as we will see from the writings of Zionist leaders and their non-Jewish supporters.)
Who were Palestinians?
A relatively unimportant province of the Ottoman Empire (since 1516) Palestine had been occupied since antiquity and became part of the Arab world during the mid-seventh century Arab expansionism. The Jewish people appear to have conquered the area around Jerusalem in Biblical times and had mostly been deported with other Palestinians by the Babylonians in their successive campaigns from BC 597 to 586. Although most Jews remained in Babylon, some Jews returned around 538 BC. The next major migration of Jews from Palestine was after the Romans destroyed the second Temple around 70AD. Rebuilding of the Temple was forbidden.
The Jews had been one of many tribal groups who lived in the region however Judaism had enjoyed the sacred site of Jerusalem as its prime place of worship and sacrifice.
The concept of nation as we know it today did not exist in the periods just mentioned. Nationalism as we know it was a 19th century invention as was Zionism.
While small groups of Zionists set out to live on the ground in Palestine, beginning with the 1st Aliyot, Theodore Herzl, and the Zionism Congress, worked at garnering support for a Jewish state from world Jewry. Jews had been welcome in many cities over the centuries including the Ottoman cities. They had received protection from the Ottoman Sultans who benefitted from Jewish knowledge and skills. In June 1896, with the help of the sympathetic Polish émigré aristocrat Count Philip Michael Nevlenski, he met for the first time to put forward his proposal for a Jewish state in Palestine. The Sultan, Abdul ll, in refusing Palestine to Herzl Zionists made this amazingly prophetic statement that
" if one day the Islamic State falls apart then you can have Palestine for free."
Herzl then negotiated with the Egyptian Government (with British Government support) for a charter of settlement of Jews in Al’Arish in the Sinai Peninsula adjoining southern Palestine. Even the Catholic Church was approached for support - although unsuccessfully. At one stage the British offered land in Uganda for a Jewish state. South America was also considered but by 1905 the Zionist Congress had firmly committed themselves to Palestine the ‘historic’ land of Israel.
As well as Palestine and Europe, Jewish communities had formed in various parts of the Mediterranean and Middle East including Egypt, Morocco, Palestine, and Yemen. Wherever there was a city, there was a Jewish community, or even two as was the case in Fustat . However it was the descendants of those Jews who travelled to the northwest, ‘European’ Jews, who would primarily develop the concept of a Jewish State. In the 19th Century Europeans were setting up colonies all over the world. The decision by European Jews to set up a Jewish state outside Europe would open the Zionists up to accusations that they were just trying to set up yet another European colony.
Many people believe they are the chosen ones – I was told I was chosen, merely by being born to a catholic man and woman. In New Zealand we were all constantly told that New Zealand was ‘God’s own country’ or ‘Godzone’ for short. It was common for many groups to bring God in on your side yet the Zionists clung, and still cling to, this myth that they are ‘the chosen people’.
Palestinians at the end of the 19th century of course had little experience in self-government. Palestine had been a minor province of a large Empire for hundreds of years of occupation by the Ottoman, and the Palestinians had yet to acquire political and legal skills or indeed a sense of nationalism. European Jews of course had, after the emancipation of the 1780’s, rapidly taken advantage of the new freedoms offered them not only in Europe but in the United States of America. There was legal, political and financial talent that Zionists could draw on.
Zionists were very aware that establishing a Jewish state would take many years and involve the displacement of many of hundreds of thousands of indigenous Palestinians. The problem of what to do with the indigenous population of Palestine was referred to by the Zionists as the ‘shela neelama’ - the hidden question. The current agony of the Palestinian people in Gaza, the West Bank, and in refugee camps of Jordan and the Lebanon, began when they ceased to be people in Zionist’s eyes and became ‘the shela neelama’ instead.
Much thought was given to the removal of this non-Jewish population of Palestine with suggestions coming from the French, American, and British Governments.
Who was in Palestine 1856-1948?
Numbering around 500,000 with 10,000 Jews the non-Jewish indigenous population of Palestine in 1897 was mainly Arabic speaking and was made up of a majority of Sunni Muslims, with Christians, Druzes and Shiite Muslims. Christians of various denominations are estimated at about 60,000.[iii] Approximate 65 % of Palestinians were farmers, living in 500 villages where ground crops were grown. The principal cities included Nablus, Jerusalem, Nazareth, Acre, Jaffa, Jericho and Ramalah.
[iv]This 10,000 rose to 56,000 in 1914 after immigration from Europe of the 1st and 2nd Aliyot, This 56,000 represented 9.2% of the population. The land owned by Jews in 1914 was 200,000 dunams[1]; in the year of the declaration of Independence (1948) the Jewish population of Palestine was 716,678 representing 30.1% of the population[v]. The land owned by Jews in 1948 was measured at 226,000 dunams[vi], or about 6% of the total.[vii][viii]
Hebron and Haifa in 1948, although significant in Jewish history, had been built in the main by Palestinian Arabs. [ix] Modern Palestinian social economic and cultural life was organized around the same issues of independence and anti-colonialism prevalent in the region.
The Zionist immigrants from the 1st Aliyot (1882-1903) came from Russia and Romania and were motivated by Hibbat Zion[2] and the Bilu.[3] The 2nd,and 3rd Aliyot (1904-1914 & 1919-1923 were people from Russia, Rumania, Poland and are associated with Hehaluz[4] and Hashomer Hazair.[5] The 2nd Aliyot were mainly labour socialist Zionists while the 4th Aliyah were mainly middle class refugees who left Poland because of anti-Jewish economic measures. Four-fifths of the 4th Aliyot settled in cities in Palestine.
European migration to Palestine began to increase when the USA closed its ‘open door’ policy to migrants in 1920. (This fact is an important one and may have some relevance on the special treatment that Israel has received from USA eg the annual $3billion …ed) There was a further increase with the 5th and 6th Aliyot when Jews were escaping Nazi persecution. Jews, denied entry to most European countries in spite of the very real threat they faced in Germany and Austria, had little choice about where they went. (My daughters only exist today because their great grandmother had married ‘out’ – to an Englishman and was able to move to Britain.)
It was the 7th Aliyot however, the ‘illegal’ arrival of displaced Jews -survivors of the Holocaust, from post war Europe that really pushed the numbers of Jews in Palestine up to the 1948 figure of 32%. Most of that 32% had been in Palestine for less than five years.
Non-Jewish Palestinians were initially largely unaware of what the Zionists had planned for them. They provided sustenance for the newly arrived Jews when their inability to support themselves became apparent.
Palestinian resistance began to show itself in the early 1920’s.
Stephen O’Rourke
Bibliography:
Bethmann, Erich W., Decisive Years in Palestine, 1918-1948, American Friends of the Middle East, New York1957
Davies, Norman, A History of Europe, Pimlico, London, 1997
Elston, D.R., No Alternative-Israel Observed, Hutchinson, London, 1960
Kimmerling, Baruch, Zionism and Territory, University of California, Berkeley, 1983
Mendes-Flohr, Paul & Reinharz, Jehuda (compilers and Editors), The Jew in the Modern World – A Documentary History. (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, New York, 1995
Pappe, Ilan, A History of Modern Palestine, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004
Parkinson, C.Northcote, East and West, John Murray, London, 1963
Rabinowicz, Oskar, K., Fifty Years of Zionism, Robert Anscombe& Co, London, 1950
Said, Edward W., The Question of Palestine, Vintage Books, New York, 1980
Said, Edward W., Orientalism-Western concepts of the Orient, Penguin Books, London.1978
Segev, T., One Palestine, Complete – Jews and Arabs under the Mandate, (translated from Hebrew by Hain Watzman), Metropolitan Books, London, 1999
Shafir, Gershon, Land, Labor and The Origins of The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 1882-1914, University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1996
Shapira, Anita, Land and Power- The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881-1948, Stanford University Press, Stanford C.A., 1992
Simons, Chaim, International Proposals to Transfer Arabs from Palestine 1895-1947,
[3] The Bilu was a group of young Russian Jews who pioneered the Zionist program of resettlement of the Jewish people in the land of Israel as a solution to the Jewish question. After working for a number of years in Jewish villages they founded the settlement of Gederah. Mendes-Flohr, Paul & Reinharz, Jehuda (compilers and Editors), The Jew in the Modern World – A Documentary History. (2nd ed) pp533
[5] A movement which prepared youth physically, culturally and morally for pioneering settlement and for the ‘new’ Judaism that would arise there Youth movements were an important force in Zionist recruitment. IBID pp579
[i] Kimmerling, Baruch, Zionism and Territory, University of California, Berkeley, 1983, pp 9
[v] Kimmerling, Baruch, Zionism and Territory, University of California, Berkeley, 1983, pp 93
[vi] Kimmerling, Baruch, Zionism and Territory, University of California, Berkeley, 1983, pp 43
[vii] Mendes-Flohr, Paul & Reinharz, Jehuda (compilers and Editors), The Jew in the Modern World – A Documentary History. (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, New York, 1995 pp707
[viii] Kimmerling, Baruch, Zionism and Territory, University of California, Berkeley, 1983, pp 43
[ix] Said, Edward W., The Question of Palestine, Vintage Books, New York, 1980, pp12
